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The main types of diabetic retinopathy are non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The distinguishing feature between these two categories is the presence (proliferative) or absence (non-proliferative) of abnormal new blood vessels (retinal, optic disc, or iris/angle neovascularization).
These patients have intraretinal hemorrhages (> 20 in each quadrant), venous beading in two or more quadrants, or an IRMA in one or more quadrants (Figure 3). 2,5-7 This is known as the 4:2:1 rule. These findings must be in the absence of neovascularization, which would indicate PDR.
EPIDEMIOLOGY. Global Information. Worldwide, diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-aged adults. The global burden of diabetic retinopathy includes: 387 million people with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the world, estimated to increase to 592 million people in 2035. 93 million people with diabetic retinopathy.
1 Απρ 2024 · Treatment. Summary. The 4-2-1 rule is a tool that doctors use to diagnose severe cases of diabetic retinopathy, an eye condition affecting people with diabetes that can progress to vision...
12 Δεκ 2013 · It is based on clinical examination and applying the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study 4:2:1 rule. Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy classification, Diabetic macular edema classification, International clinical disease severity scale, Diabetic macular edema, Diabetic retinopathy.
21 Φεβ 2023 · Treatment. Alternative medicine. Coping and support. Preparing for your appointment. Diagnosis. Diabetic retinopathy is best diagnosed with a comprehensive dilated eye exam. For this exam, drops placed in your eyes widen (dilate) your pupils to allow your doctor a better view inside your eyes.
16 Μαΐ 2019 · My Patient Has Diabetic Retinopathy...Now What? The optometrist has a valuable role to play in monitoring the stages of this condition and guiding patients through treatment. By Julie Torbit, OD, Anna Kathryn Bedwell, OD, Daniel Bollier, OD, and Brad Sutton, OD.
