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Waters with moderate to high hardness and alkalinity concentrations (150-500 ppm as CaCO 3) are often treated in this fashion. Chemistry of Precipitation Softening. In almost every raw water supply, hardness is present as calcium and magnesium bicarbonate, often referred to as carbonate hardness or temporary hardness.
- Ion Exchange & Water Demineralization
In situations where sodium leakage from the polisher...
- Ion Exchange & Water Demineralization
Ion Exchange Softening. Removal of Calcium and Magnesium Replace with Sodium (operates Na Cycle) Ion exchange resin is an. activated, synthetic, organic, copolymer matrix comprised of porous beads with a typical diameter of 0.01 - 0.04 inch.
1 Ιαν 2015 · Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3 Ca (HCO 3) → 2 Al (OH) 3 + 3 CaSO 4 + 6 CO 2 The Al(OH) 3 is capable of enmeshing fine particles and bridging particles so that flocculation (gathering together of coagulated particles) takes place and the system becomes a suspension of Al(OH) 3 finally resulting in sedimentation.
Full deaeration occurs when the maximum oxygen content of 0.02mg O 2 /l and maximum CO 2 content of 1mg CO 2 /l can be reliably maintained at operating pressures of 0.1 – 0.3 bar and therefore temperatures above 100°C.
3 Μαρ 2014 · The document describes the lime soda process, an obsolete method for softening hard water. It works by precipitating calcium and magnesium ions through the addition of lime (Ca (OH)2) and soda ash (Na2CO3). The process can be done hot or cold and involves a series of chemical reactions to remove carbonate, sulfate, and magnesium hardness.
1 Οκτ 2023 · Introduction. The critical roles of boilers in different industrial settings are undeniable, as they are essential for the generation of high-pressure steam for smooth operation. However, to maximize the performance of boilers, their feedwater must be properly treated, as untreated water poses several adverse effects on the operability of boilers.
• Magnesium Reaction: Mg(OH) 2 Magnesium Hydroxide [Adequate Alkalinity] Fuel Loss Due To Scale • The chart on the left shows the fuel loss in a boiler based on thickness of scale. • 1/32” = 8.5% • 1/25” = 9.3% • 1/20” = 11.1% • 1/16” = 12.4% • 1/8” = 25% • 1/4” = 40% • 3/8” = 55% • 1/2” = 70%
