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1 Φεβ 2021 · In this article, Nishant looks at DDR4 from the system design level, the physical structure level and the protocol level. DDR4 (double data rate 4th gen SDRAM) provides a low operating voltage (1.2V) and a high transfer rate.
DDR4 SDRAMs are very prevalent in devices that use ASICs and FPGAs. In this tutorial we explore the basics of DDR4 memory starting with what it looks on the inside, how basic operations such as READ and WRITE work, DRAM page size, ranks and addressing.
DDR4 Overview. DDR4 SDRAM is a high-speed dynamic random-access memory internally configured as an 8-bank DRAM for the x16 configuration and as a 16-bank DRAM for the x4 and x8 configurations. The device uses an 8n-prefetch architecture to achieve high-speed oper-ation.
Basic DRAM Operations. ACTIVATE Bring data from DRAM core into the row-buffer. READ/WRITE Perform read/write operations on the contents in the row-buffer. PRECHARGE Store data back to DRAM core (ACTIVATE discharges capacitors), put cells back at neutral voltage.
Because numerous memory topologies and interface frequencies are possible on the DDR interface, Freescale highly recommends that the board designer verify, through simulation, all aspects (signal integrity, electrical timings, and so on) before PCB fabrication.
Advanced Basics. DRAM Evolution: Interface Path. Future Interface Trends & Research Areas. Performance Modeling: . Architectures, Systems, Embedded. Break at 10 a.m. — Stop us or starve. Basics. first off -- what is DRAM? an . array of storage elements .
Enhanced SDRAM & DDR • Evolutionary Enhancements on SDRAM: 1. ESDRAM (Enhanced): Overlap row buffer access with refresh 2. DDR (Double Data Rate): Transfer on both clock edges 3. DDR2’s small improvements lower voltage, on-chip termination, driver calibration prefetching, conflict buffering 4. DDR3, more small improvements
