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1 Φεβ 2021 · DDR4 SDRAM provides a lower operating voltage and a higher transfer rate than its processors. It can also process more data within a single clock cycle, which improves efficiency. In this article, Nishant looks at DDR4 from the system design level, the physical structure level and the protocol level.
15 Απρ 2011 · DDR SDRAM uses double data rate architecture to achieve high-speed data transfers. DDR SDRAM (referred to as DDR) transfers data on both the rising and falling edge of the clock. This...
This paper discusses the functional design of a 32-bit DDR SDRAM controller and implementation of the design through the synthesis and physical design flow which form a part of ASIC Design Flow. This block level, semi-custom implementation is done using Synopsys Design Compiler and IC Compiler at 90nm technology node.
DDR4 SDRAMs are very prevalent in devices that use ASICs and FPGAs. In this tutorial we explore the basics of DDR4 memory starting with what it looks on the inside, how basic operations such as READ and WRITE work, DRAM page size, ranks and addressing.
Organizing at cache line granularity (64 B) reduces wasted space and wasted bandwidth. Problem: Cache of hundreds of MB needs tag-store of tens of MB. E.g. 256MB DRAM cache needs ~20MB tag store. (5 bytes/line) But big blocks have their own issues. Wasted off-chip bandwidth. Wasted cache space.
Memory Array. ISCA 2002. Bruce Jacob David Wang. University of Maryland. DRAM “latency” isn’t deterministic because of CAS or RAS+CAS, and there may be significant queuing delays within the CPU and the memory controller Each transaction has some overhead. Some types of overhead cannot be pipelined.
