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6 THEORY OF THE MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE . observer. Its outlines become clear only when it confronts the ego with hostility or at least with criticism. The super ego, like the id, becomes perceptible in the state which it produces within the ego: for instance, when its criticism evokes a sense of guilt. THE EGO AS OBSERVER
1 Ιουν 2001 · A hierarchy of ego mechanisms was devised that ordered defenses along a continuum that reflected the following two dimensions: (1) immaturity-maturity and (2) psychopathology-mental health.
These two conceptions of the function of defenses—to avoid pain-ful feelings and affects and to repel the instinctual drives—were subse-quently reconciled by Anna Freud (1936), in the first systematic treatise on the development, function, and varieties of defense mechanisms.
26 Αυγ 2014 · This article reviews research on defense mechanisms carried out over the past 40 years with children, adolescents, adults, and psychiatric patients. Both experimental and observational studies...
relate their findings about defensive processes to the general theory of defense mechanisms. The purpose of the present article is to review research findings from personality and social psychology that can be interpreted as reflecting the major defense mechanisms that Freud pro-posed. In a sense, then, this review will ask how Freud s list of ...
19 Νοε 2015 · In this article, we trace the history of the concept of defense, from its origin with Freud to current views. The issue of defense as an unconscious mechanism is examined. The question of whether defenses are pathological, as well as their relation to pathology, is discussed. The effect of psychotherapy on the use of defenses, and their ...
According to Freud, understanding the function of a defense mechanism means not only fathoming the origin of pathological symptoms but also comprehending a model of the mind that includes both conscious and unconscious mental processes.
