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8 Απρ 2019 · This process occurs through a set of five biochemical reactions, releasing two molecules of ATP and one molecule of NADH for each molecule of G3P. The penultimate molecule in this chain of reactions is called phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP).
3 Αυγ 2023 · Structure of ATP. It consists of adenine, ribose, and a triphosphate moiety. Adenosine is attached by the 9-nitrogen atom to the 1-carbon atom of ribose which in turn is attached at the 5-carbon atom of sugar to a triphosphate group. Three phosphate groups form a triphosphate moiety.
21 Δεκ 2013 · Phosphoenolpyruvate can be formed from oxaloacetate by PEPCK within the mitochondria or within the cytoplasm. The molecular structures of pyruvate and related metabolites, as well the names of the enzymes involved in their catalysis, are shown.
The eight steps of the cycle are a series of chemical reactions that produces the following from each of the two molecules of pyruvate produced per molecule of glucose that originally went into glycolysis (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)): 2 carbon dioxide molecules; 1 ATP molecule (or an equivalent)
In mitochondria, the metabolism of sugars is completed: the pyruvate is imported into the mitochondrion and oxidized by O 2 to CO 2 and H 2 O. This allows 15 times more ATP to be made than that produced by glycolysis alone.
The hallmark of the activity of different pyruvate kinases is their tight modulation by a variety of mechanisms including the use of a large number of physiological allosteric effectors in addition to their homotropic regulation by phosphoenolpyruvate.
We have already discussed how glycolysis not only provides ATP from substrate level phosphorylation, but also yields a net of 2 NADH molecules and 6 essential precursors: glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, trios-P, 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and of course pyruvate.
