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The paper uses the ‘three levels of warfare’ heuristic, which distinguishes between cyber operations on the strategic, operational, and tactical levels, to sketch out the utility of cyber technology on each of these.
NATO will need to describe how the cyber capabilities possessed by a few of its members will support NATO’s defensive activities, and NATO’s credibility in defence requires some public discussion on the use of offensive cyber operations.
Offensive cyber operations are unconventional and sometimes asymmetric operations that allow a hybrid threat to operate anonymously, to use forces belonging to proxy actors, to avoid symbolic triggers while producing devastating kinetic effects, without time and space limitations, combined with other unconventional operations such as ...
21 Ιουν 2024 · The primary and secondary components of OCO are elucidated, specifically cyberspace attack and exploitation, offering new insights into their roles and implications, and the framework includes conceptual maps highlighting OCO's key elements, relationships, and challenges are highlighted.
offensive cyber. How and at what level states authorize the use of offensive cyber operations is a key – but as yet under-studied – indicator of perceptions of risk, which can inform the degree to which some states retain concerns over the nature and the scale of risk in using offensive cyber.
five pillars of offensive cyber capability: vulnerability research and exploit development, malware payload generation, technical command and control, operational management, and training and support .
30 Μαΐ 2022 · However, the construct provides a pragmatic doctrinal framework for NATO to train and develop procedures and eventually integrate the effects of OCO in operations. This article fills a gap in the strategic literature by investigating some effects of OCOCs and OCO’s on alliances.
