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The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (known as Konfrontasi in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) was an armed conflict from 1963 to 1966 that stemmed from Indonesia 's opposition to the creation of the state of Malaysia from the Federation of Malaya. After Indonesian president Sukarno was deposed in 1966, the dispute ...
The Johnson South Reef skirmish took place on 14 March 1988 between military forces of the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, on the Johnson South Reef in the Union Banks region of the Spratly Islands, in the South China Sea.
2020–2021 China–India skirmishes. Part of the Sino-Indian border dispute. A CIA map of Kashmir with red circles marking the rough locations of the conflicts near the Galwan Valley (top), Spanggur Tso and Pangong Tso (bottom). One section of the Pangong Tso-Chushul skirmish area along the LAC via NASA WorldWind. Date.
By early 1963 military activity had increased along the Indonesian side of the border in Borneo, as small parties of armed men began infiltrating Malaysian territory on propaganda and sabotage missions. These cross-border raids, carried out by Indonesian "volunteers", continued throughout 1963.
Indonesia then turned to the conduct of series of raids, commerce interdiction, and minor skirmishing rather than commit to full blown combat known as Konfrontasi (Confrontation). Indonesia also tried to break the newly formed Federation of Malaysia (consisting of Malaya, Sarawak and North Borneo).
Notable amongst the many skirmishes was the Battle of Plaman Mapu in April 1965, where Gurkhas faced an aggressive Indonesian assault, holding their ground with characteristic grit. In the grand game of chess that was this conflict, formidable commanders emerged on both sides.
From 1963 to 1966 the Republic of Indonesia waged a military, political, psychological, and diplomatic conflict with Malaysia, which in turn was supported by allies from the Commonwealth: the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore.
