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30 Μαΐ 2017 · However, for those who live without a partner, smoking has a negative impact on perceived health care cost coverage, that is being a daily smoker decreases perceived health care cost coverage by 2.15 and 2.33 units for women and men, respectively.
- Women and Smoking: The Effect of Gender on the Epidemiology, Health ...
Although the prevalence of smoking is somewhat greater among...
- Women and Smoking: The Effect of Gender on the Epidemiology, Health ...
Although the prevalence of smoking is somewhat greater among men than women, women may have a higher risk of smoking-related morbidity and mortality, and face different barriers to smoking cessation that warrant intervention.
Exploiting data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe, this study uses an instrumental variable strategy to identify the causal effect of daily smoking on perceived health care cost coverage of those at age 50 or above in 12 European countries.
In states that allow tobacco surcharges, tobacco users pay substantially higher premiums for nongroup health insurance than nonusers. Smokers living in states with high tobacco surcharges are less likely to have health insurance. What This Study Adds
1 Ιαν 2024 · Smoking stigma has been well documented, but little is known regarding its specific features and effects on women. Notably, women face unique social, cultural, and economic challenges that may interact with smoking stigma and impact health outcomes.
All models include controls for the main effects of smoking and health insurance status as well as sex (when data are pooled by sex), indicator of children in the household, race, marital status, age, education, urban residence, region, employer size, year, industry, and occupation.
10 Δεκ 2012 · Smoking was associated with a greater mean annual healthcare cost of €1600 per living individual during follow-up. However, due to a shorter lifespan of 8.6 years, smokers’ mean total healthcare costs during the entire study period were actually €4700 lower than for non-smokers.
