Αποτελέσματα Αναζήτησης
The purpose of this review is to provide an update (since 2010) on research on women and smoking and, where appropriate, gender differences related to smoking behavior. We will review the epidemiology and health effects of smoking, and factors that may affect cessation.
30 Μαΐ 2017 · Exploiting data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe, this study uses an instrumental variable strategy to identify the causal effect of daily smoking on perceived health care cost coverage of those at age 50 or above in 12 European countries.
30 Μαΐ 2017 · However, for those who live without a partner, smoking has a negative impact on perceived health care cost coverage, that is being a daily smoker decreases perceived health care cost coverage by 2.15 and 2.33 units for women and men, respectively.
All models include controls for the main effects of smoking and health insurance status as well as sex (when data are pooled by sex), indicator of children in the household, race, marital status, age, education, urban residence, region, employer size, year, industry, and occupation.
The Affordable Care Act allows insurers to charge up to 50% higher premiums to tobacco users, making tobacco use the only behavioral factor that can be used to rate premiums in the nongroup insurance market.
1 Ιαν 2024 · Smoking stigma has been well documented, but little is known regarding its specific features and effects on women. Notably, women face unique social, cultural, and economic challenges that may interact with smoking stigma and impact health outcomes.
10 Δεκ 2012 · This study provides the first evidence of the net economic effect of smoking versus non-smoking on costs related to health and social welfare, based on prospective, individual level data.
