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A mirror, on the other hand, has a smooth surface (compared with the wavelength of light) and reflects light at specific angles, as illustrated in Figure 25.7. When the moon reflects from a lake, as shown in Figure 25.8, a combination of these effects takes place.
In Chapter 11, we derive the formula for the angular change in a narrow (we are ignoring diffraction) beam of light due to a prism. The analysis is uses the geometrical construction. Figure 11.26: shown in Figure 11.26 and gives δ = θin + θout − θ1 − θ2 ≈ n(θ1 + θ2) − ϕ ≈ (n − 1)ϕ.
Prisms are transparent optical elements with flat, polished surfaces that refract light with at least two non-parallel surfaces. Dispersive prisms may be used to break light up into constituent …
Explore bending of light between two media with different indices of refraction. See how changing from air to water to glass changes the bending angle. Play with prisms of different shapes and make rainbows.
The angle of incidence in the water is approximately 39°. At this angle, the light refracts out of the water into the surrounding air bending away from the normal. The angle of refraction in the air is approximately 57°. These values for the angle of incidence and refraction are consistent with Snell's Law.
The ray nature of light is used to explain how light refracts at planar and curved surfaces; Snell's law and refraction principles are used to explain a variety of real-world phenomena; refraction principles are combined with ray diagrams to explain why lenses produce images of objects.
See how light rays are refracted by a lens or reflected by a mirror. Observe how the image changes when you adjust the focal length of the lens, move the object, or move the screen.
