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Thermodynamics is the study of how heat moves around in ‘macroscopic’ objects. Through-out these lectures, we will talk a lot about laws and models. Models are a simplified, empirical description of a real system which generally develops overtime as our knowledge progresses.
Heat is the transfer of energy between a system and its environment because of a temperature difference between them. Internal energy is the energy associated with motions of the atoms and molecules of a system and with the potential energy related to the bonding between atoms or molecules.
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: Explain heat, heat capacity, and specific heat; Distinguish between conduction, convection, and radiation; Solve problems involving specific heat and heat transfer
Heat is the flow of energy from one object to another. This flow of energy is caused by a difference in temperature. The transfer of heat can change temperature, as can work, another kind of energy transfer that is central to thermodynamics.
Heat • The temperature difference determines the direction of heat transfer. • Bodies don’t “contain” heat; heat always refers to energy in transit from one body to another. • We can change the temperature of a body by adding heat to it.
Heat Q is energy transferred between the system and the environment as they interact. The units of Q are Joules. Temperature T is a state variable that quantifies the “hotness” or “coldness” of a system. A temperature difference is required in order for heat to be transferred between the system and the environment.
touching it. But this can be unreliable—if you put one hand in cold water, one in hot, then plunge both of them into lukewarm water, one hand will tell you it’s hot, the other will feel cold. For something too hot to touch, we can often get an impression of how hot it is by approaching and sensing the radiant heat.
