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TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING 1. INTRODUCTION From the hydrographic point of view a Topographic Survey consists of a series of tasks carried out with the aim of determining the composition of those parts of the earth’s surface which emerge from the water.
1. OLDER TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING METHODS. This section provides an overview of the past and present instruments and methods used to perform topographic surveys of sites, facilities, or infrastructure.
In engineering surveying, either or both of the above formats may be used for planning, design and construction of works, both on the surface and underground. At a later stage, surveying techniques are used for dimensional control or setting out of designed constructional elements and also for monitoring deformation movements.
Topographic surveying is performed to determine the planimetric location and topographic relief of features in three dimensions. Topographic surveys are performed for detailed large-scale site plan drawings or maps at scales equal to or larger than 1 inch = 100 feet (1:1,200).
Surveying plays a pivotal role in determining land ownership, engineering, mapping, marine navigation, and environmental monitoring through height deter- mination of anthropogenic land subsidence (see Sect.26.10) among other uses.
Examples of different topographic survey methods are included--e.g., t station, LIDAR, GPS. Sample topographic survey projects are included within chapters or appendices.
Overview of Topographic Surveying Techniques and Methods - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This chapter provides an overview of the types of surveys and equipment that are used for performing control and topographic surveys.
