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18 Ιουν 2012 · What are the factors that make a good nucleophile? For our purposes, there are at least four key factors contributing to nucleophilicity. Charge. Electronegativity. Solvent. Steric hindrance. The first two should hopefully be familiar from the discussion of what makes something a strong base.
23 Ιαν 2023 · Learn how charge, basicity, solvent, polarizability, and substituents influence the reactivity of nucleophiles in SN2 reactions. See examples of protic and aprotic solvents and their effects on nucleophilicity.
23 Ιαν 2023 · If a halide donates to a carbonyl, producing an oxygen anion, the reaction is uphill. Hydroxide and alkoxide anions (such as CH 3 O -) are more reactive than halides. They are better nucleophiles. The sulfur analogues are similarly good nucleophiles (such as CH 3 S -).
Learn what makes a strong nucleophile and how to recognize it in organic chemistry reactions. See a chart of relative nucleophilic strength and examples of good, fair and weak nucleophiles.
A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate electrons to form a bond with an electrophile. Learn how to determine the strength of a nucleophile based on its nucleophilicity, electronegativity, and polarization, and see a chart of common nucleophiles.
In both laboratory and biological organic chemistry, the most relevant nucleophilic atoms are oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and the most common nucleophilic functional groups are water, alcohols, phenols, amines, thiols, and occasionally carboxylates.
While the halogens are not nucleophilic in their diatomic form (e.g. I 2 is not a nucleophile), their anions are good nucleophiles. In polar, protic solvents, F − is the weakest nucleophile, and I − the strongest; this order is reversed in polar, aprotic solvents. [13]
