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In 1918, the cause of human influenza and its links to avian and swine influenza were unknown. Despite clinical and epidemiologic similarities to influenza pandemics of 1889, 1847, and even earlier, many questioned whether such an explosively fatal disease could be influenza at all.
When influenza appeared in the United States in 1918, Americans responded to the incursion of disease with measures used since Antiquity, such as quarantines and social distancing. During the pandemic's zenith, many cities shut down essential services. Public health professionals on the home front, including many volunteer nurses, deployed ...
31 Αυγ 2018 · The 1918 influenza pandemic was the deadliest in known human history. It spread globally to the most isolated of human communities, causing clinical disease in a third of the world’s population and infecting nearly every human alive at the time.
14 Σεπ 2022 · Flu mortality in the United States declined precipitously with the end of the war (November 11, 1918). After the second wave, there was a seasonal bump of flu in winter 1918–1919 with higher than usual pneumonia mortality, and sporadic outbreaks dispersed throughout the world in 1919 and even 1920.
26 Νοε 2009 · The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic was the greatest biological disaster in American history and altered the course of world history in numerous ways. Despite these realities this pandemic has widely been ignored by general American history texts.
21 Νοε 2011 · The "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, which caused ≈50 million deaths worldwide, remains an ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its origins, its unusual epidemiologic features, and the basis of its pathogenicity remain unanswered.
Following it are three essays that frame the 1918 influenza pandemic in terms of the biological history of the virus, the response of scientists who unsuccess-fully sought to produce an effective vaccine, and the guiding parameters of urban public health during the early 20th century.
