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Although there are now numerous versions of the runes such as the neo-Pagan ‘Witch runes’, there is only historical documentation of three true sets of runes. The three historic runic types are those of the Elder Futhark, the Younger Futhark and the Anglo-Frisian Futhark. There exists also the
Anglo-Saxon runes are an extended version of Elder Futhark consisting of between 26 and 33 letters. It is thought that they were used to write Old English / Anglo-Saxon and Old Frisian from about the 5th century AD.
Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (Old English: rūna, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune").
Since the inscription exhibits two different o-runes: the Anglo-Frisian 's in æko and the older *'Silan 3 in ?ori, I suppose this was done to reflect a different pronunciation. The o in ?ori
1. Introduction Until 1996 runic attestations from The Netherlands were known only from the terp-area of the provinces of Groningen en Friesland, and the runic Corpus was called the Frisian Corpus. In April 1996 an object with runes was found in the river estuary of the Rhine, on a site called Bergakker, in the Betuwe, the former habitat of the ...
1.4 Rune-rows 4 1.5 Runology and runologists 7 2 The origin of the runes 9 2.1 Questions 9 2.2 Four basic points 9 2.3 Context 10 2.4 Source alphabets, writing practices, and phonological systems 12 ... 5 The development of runes in Anglo-Saxon England and Frisia 37 5.1 Anglo-Frisian innovations 37 5.2 English innovations 39
This book provides an accessible, general account of runes and runic writing from their inception to their final demise. It also covers modern uses of runes, and deals with such topics as encoded texts, rune names, how runic inscriptions were made, runological method, and the history of runic research. A final chapter explains where those keen ...
