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3 Μαΐ 2018 · For this chapter, we will divide theories of motivation into three groups: (1) theories about instincts, drives, needs, and reinforcements; (2) theories about beliefs, values, and goals; and (3) neuroscientific and neuropsychological approaches.
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Discuss the biological underpinnings of motivation, including needs, drives, and homeostasis. Motivation: the process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
Drive and motivation are central to affective neuroscience. Here, we describe the development of conceptualizations from early behaviorist theories to contemporary theories linking motivation closely to reward.
Perhaps Bolles's greatest contribution was his book, Theory of Motivation. The book took a biological and historical perspective and emphasized the anticipation of goals, rather than the need for them, in explaining motivated behavior.
Motivation is the driving force(s) responsible for the initiation, persistence, direction, and strength of goal-directed behavior. It includes biological drives such as hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, and self-preservation, which are often referred to as ‘primary’ drives because of their importance to the organism.
The modern incentive interpretation originated from the works of Bolles, Bindra, and Toates (Bindra, 1976; Bolles, 1972; Toates, 1986), and differs from the concept of incentive that was initially formulated within the drive theory (Hull, 1943; Spence, 1956).
The 2nd section describes the interaction of learning with regulatory physiology. Learned food preferences and aversions are the subject of the 3rd section. Next, the book pays tribute to Bolles's work on the problems of aversively motivated behavior, specifically defensive behavior.
