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determine why the British government in 1786 decided to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the east coast of the newly discovered New South Wales that was situated many thousands of kilometres from English ports and outposts.
There is thus some overlap with Prison Registers 1770-1951 and Hulks Registers 1801-1879, Assignment lists, and other record series that list convicts by ships, such as the British Transportation Registers 1787-1867. Convict Indents were foundational documents for other record sets.
Botany Bay: the settlement of criminals in New South Wales in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries prisoners would be crammed. For those convicts who remained in Sydney, lodgings were available in a neighbourhood called The Rocks.
map shows a burgeoning settlement, but no walls or gaol to conine the convicts. It was an ‘open’ prison, where convicts lived in their own tents and huts — and were employed on public works and farms — making escape into the bush relatively easy.
An early map of Botany Bay, site of the first Australian penal colony. Australian penal colonies refers to the transportation of approximately 162,000 prison convicts from Britain and Ireland to Australia and Tasmania in the eighty year period between 1788 and 1868.
Botany Bay as a new British settlement (the letter to Treasury dated I8 August 1786 from Lord Sydney, Secretary of State for the Home Office)' stated categorically that it was so chosen to be the destination urgently needed to rid Britain of an overflow of felons in her prisons, and with no other purpose mentioned, it has been assumed, until
identification of Botany Bay as a site for a penal settlement. Historians have usually attributed this decision to four key factors: 1) that North America ceased to be a place for transporting convicts, 2) problems associated with the increasing number of prisoners in Britain, 3) the lack
