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Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor
How can we use the laws of mechanics that describe the motions and interactions of individual atomic particles to predict macroscopic properties of the system such as pressure, volume, and temperature? In principle, each point-like atomic particle can be specified by its position and velocity (neglecting any internal structure).
The gas phase of a substance has the following properties: 1. A gas is a collection of particles in constant, rapid, random motion (sometimes referred to as ‘Brownian’ motion). The particles in a gas are constantly undergoing collisions with each other and with the walls of the container, which change their direction − hence the
Table A-2 (Continued) Critical Properties Molar mass, M k Gas constant, RCp CvTemperature, Pressure, Volume, Substance Formula kg/kmol kJ/kg K kJ/kg K kJ/kg K K kPa m3/kmol Methyl chloride CH 3Cl 50.488 1.255 0.164682 Neon Ne 20.180 1.667 0.412015 1.0304 0.6181 44.5 2,680 0.04188 Nitrogen N 2 28.013 1.401 0.296808 1.0414 0.7432 126.2 3,396 0.08941 NitrousOxide N 2O 44.013 1.274 0.188909 0.8849 ...
Here we introduce the basic concepts of thermodynamics (TD) necessary to quantify the motion of CF: parameters of the internal state of gas particle, concepts of reversible, irreversible, adiabatic, and isentropic flows.
Properties of the Ideal Gas 1.The ideal gas consists of particles, which are in random motion and obey Newton’s laws of motion. 2.The total number of molecules is \large." 3.The volume occupied by the molecules is a negligibly small fraction of the volume occupied by the gas.
In a gas, the potential energy of interactions between molecules is small compared to their kinetic energy. At high temperatures and low densities, the regime where the ideal gas approximation is valid, it is even negligible.
