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In most studies, exposure to smoke is associated with increased risk for negative preclinical and cognitive outcomes in younger people as well as in older adults. Potential mechanisms for smoke's harmful effects include oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerotic processes.
- Smoking and Cognition - PubMed
Both neurobiological effects act as reinforcers to nicotine...
- Smoking and Cognition - PubMed
1 Μαρ 2023 · The current review will extend previous narrative work by systematically reviewing all human and animal evidence for age differences in the effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain, with a focus on the effects of repeated and long-term exposure.
10 Αυγ 2007 · Among the 4,700 compounds found in tobacco smoke, many are associated with brain toxicity including vinyl chloride, a risk factor for brain cancer, hydrogen cyanide, and arsenic.
1 Ιαν 2016 · Nicotine is a substance that readily crosses the blood–brain barrier and has a substantial effect on brain activity. As stated in previous chapters of this book, its major neural consequence is to modulate the efficacy of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).
8 Ιουν 2022 · The effect of nicotine on spatial memory appears to exhibit an inverted-U-shaped dose response, with a low-dose or brief exposure improving spatial memory, while a high-dose or prolonged nicotine exposure does not improve or may even impair spatial memory (Valentine and Sofuoglu, 2018).
Both neurobiological effects act as reinforcers to nicotine use, greatly contributing to the development of nicotine dependence. However, heavy smoking is associated with cognitive impairment and cognitive decline in middle age.
26 Απρ 2022 · Many of the effects of smoking tobacco (dopamine release and dependence, and withdrawal effects and relapse back to smoking) can be related back to these key effects of nicotine on the brain.
