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Figure 2: Properties of a wave. (Credit: Pearson Prentice Hall) Waves are characterised by their size, measured as the distance between two equal states; this distance is called the wavelength, λ. The colours of visible light are the way our eyes perceive the different wavelengths.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the full range of electromagnetic radiation, organized by frequency or wavelength. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band.
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In order of increasing frequency (and decreasing wavelength), the electromagnetic spectrum includes radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR, meaning “below red”), visible light, ultraviolet (UV, meaning “above violet”), X-rays, and gamma rays.
The interference is constructive if the amplitude of ψ ( x , t ) is greater than the individual ones (Figure 14.1.1b), and destructive if smaller (Figure 14.1.1c). As an example, consider the superposition of the following two waves at t = 0 : ψ ( x ) = sin x , 1. ψ ⎛. ( x ) = 2sin ⎜⎝ x π. ⎞ ⎟. 2. 4 ⎠.
Their wavelengths, the dis-tance from wave crest to wave crest, vary from thousands of kilometers across (in the case of the longest radio waves) to fractions of a nanometer, in the cases of the smallest x-rays and gamma rays. Electromagnetic radiation has properties of both waves and particles.
The relationship c = f λ c = f λ between frequency f and wavelength λ λ applies to all waves and ensures that greater frequency means smaller wavelength. Figure 16.17 shows how the various types of electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies—that is, it shows the electromagnetic spectrum.
