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24 Ιουλ 2023 · Nociceptive signal transduction to the brain is what elicits the perception of pain. The complex biopsychosocial phenomenon of pain occurs in the cortical and subcortical regions, such as the thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, basal ganglia and areas of the cerebral cortex.
28 Σεπ 2023 · The general mechanism of inflammatory pain involves proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, proteases, neuropeptides, and growth factors, which are released around inflammation locations to sensitize peripheral pain-sensing neurons (Kidd and Urban, 2001; Lipnik-Stangelj, 2013) (Figure 1).
Pain is a subjective experience with two complementary aspects: one is a localized sensation in a particular body part; the other is an unpleasant quality of varying severity commonly associated with behaviors directed at relieving or terminating the experience.
1 Οκτ 2022 · Ascending spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts convey pain signals to the brain, where they are processed by the thalamus and sent to the cortex. Descending tracts, via the midbrain periaqueductal grey and nucleus raphe magnus, have a role in pain modulation.
A sensory neuron—or nociceptor—transmits an electrical impulse to the spinal cord and then to the brain, where it is experienced as pain. Inflammatory pain results from infection or tissue injury, leading to activation of the immune system.
1 Νοε 2021 · Acute pain transitions into chronic pain under influence of genetic and epigenetic factors. The genetic and epigenetic factors modulate neuroinflammation, which is involved in peripheral and central sensitization. Chronic pain, with a prevalence of 20–30 % is the major cause of human suffering worldwide.
1 Αυγ 2014 · The descending endogenous opioid pain modulation system also augments pain processing. Activation of opioid receptors in the brain, specifically the mu receptor, blocks pain transmission centrally in the brain but also will activate descending systems.
