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Egyptian hieroglyphs (/ ˈ h aɪ r oʊ ˌ ɡ l ɪ f s / HY-roh-glifs) [1] [2] were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined ideographic , logographic , syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct characters.
The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script "mdju netjer" ("words of the gods"). The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieros (sacred) plus glypho (inscriptions) and was first used by Clement of Alexandria.
The ancient Egyptians created a highly flexible hieroglyphic system of writing. Hieroglyphs could be arranged in both columns and rows and could be read from the left or from the right, depending on how they were written.
The hieroglyphic language is based on the phonetic value (s) of the hieroglyph, with extra information conveyed by hieroglyphs acting as logograms and determinatives. However, one hieroglyphic sign may act as a logogram, a phonogram, or a determinative depending on the situation.
Among the Egyptian scripts, the Greeks labeled as hieroglyphic the script that they found on temple walls and public monuments, in which the characters were pictures sculpted in stone. The Greeks distinguished this script from two other forms of Egyptian writing that were written with ink on papyrus or on other smooth surfaces.
These lessons focused on the ancient Egyptian writing that includes uniliteral signs, biliteral signs and triliteral signs, arrangement and direction of the ancient Egyptian writing, determinatives, phonetic complements, and the different ways to write the same word.