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Holding is generally performed at max endurance to conserve fuel. Holding patterns may be restricted to a maximum speed. ATC: " [Callsign][holding instructions], maximum holding speed is [Speed in Knots] ". Holding speeds are based on an expected turn radius to keep pilots clear of obstacles.
Under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) pilots are expected to adhere to proscribed holding procedures inclusive of speed, hold entry procedures, timing and rate of turn, as the protected airspace for the holding pattern, and thus separation from other traffic, is predicated on those procedures.
This handbook supercedes FAA-H-8261-1, Instrument Procedures Handbook, dated 2004. It is designed as a techni-cal reference for professional pilots who operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) in the National Airspace System (NAS). It expands on information contained in the FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook, and introduces advanced ...
Holds denote a racetrack pattern of flight designed to keep the aircraft relatively stationary over a navigation fix (usually a VOR, NDB, or a DME point on a VOR radial). Holds are fundamental to IFR training and provide an excellent means of developing instrument flying skills.
11 Μαρ 2017 · A holding pattern for instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft is usually a racetrack pattern based on a holding fix. Holding patterns are defined relative to a holding fix and are usually timed because aircraft have to remain within a given protected space around the fix.
Instrument flight procedures (IFP) are used by aircraft flying in accordance with instrument flight rules and are designed to facilitate safe and efficient aircraft operations. These procedures are an essential component of the aviation system.
IFR are detailed in ICAO Annex 2: Rules of the Air, Chapter 5: Instrument Flight Rules. JAR-OPS 1.652 and associated guidance material specifies the flight and navigational instruments and associated equipment required for IFR or night operations.
