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15 Αυγ 2019 · Summary. Of the modern political labels that emerged and spread in the early-nineteenth-century “Age of Revolutions,” none is more difficult to pin down than “liberal.”. Conservatism, socialism, and nationalism all take manifold forms, but liberalism is the most protean of all.
23 Οκτ 2024 · In Europe, by contrast, liberalism was a transforming force throughout the 19th century. Industrialization and modernization, for which classical liberalism provided ideological justification, wrought great changes.
3 ημέρες πριν · The peace settlement, reached at Vienna in 1815, was based on conservative principles shared by the Austrian delegate, Metternich; the British delegate, Viscount Castlereagh; the French delegate, Talleyrand; and the formerly liberal Russian tsar Alexander I.
For example, what is conservative in nineteenth-century western Europe (England or France) would seem daringly liberal in eastern Europe, especially in tsarist Russia. In turn, what is liberal in western Europe today (for example, liberal capitalist democracy) would seem reactionary to the twentieth-century of the Soviets, and would have
The broad outline of liberal doctrine across Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century can be easily delineated (see Smith 2002): liberals shared a fundamental commitment to individual liberty; to religious toleration; to limited government and the rule of law.
The major a-liberal societies were Germany, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Italy and Spain. In these countries parliamentary government developed much more slowly, and the state was dominated by conservative élites. The Liberals were unable to overcome the divisions within the middle classes, and they therefore remained weak.
