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15 Αυγ 2019 · Summary. Of the modern political labels that emerged and spread in the early-nineteenth-century “Age of Revolutions,” none is more difficult to pin down than “liberal.”. Conservatism, socialism, and nationalism all take manifold forms, but liberalism is the most protean of all.
23 Οκτ 2024 · In Europe, by contrast, liberalism was a transforming force throughout the 19th century. Industrialization and modernization, for which classical liberalism provided ideological justification, wrought great changes.
For example, what is conservative in nineteenth-century western Europe (England or France) would seem daringly liberal in eastern Europe, especially in tsarist Russia. In turn, what is liberal in western Europe today (for example, liberal capitalist democracy) would seem reactionary to the twentieth-century of the Soviets, and would have
In the nineteenth century in Europe, a handful of ideologies came to predominate: conservatism, nationalism, liberalism, and socialism. In turn, briefly put, three of those ideologies had one thing in common: they opposed the fourth.
The broad outline of liberal doctrine across Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century can be easily delineated: liberals shared a fundamental commitment to individual liberty; to religious toleration; to limited government and the rule of law.
When revolutions did occur in nineteenth-century Europe, liberals were forever trying to end them. This sometimes made liberals look identical with conservatives. But while anyone who willingly started a revolution was not a liberal, liberals were prepared to join revolutions in order to end them, as
