Αποτελέσματα Αναζήτησης
orbitals. Electrons in orbitals are shown using arrows, where the direction of the arrow indicates the spin state of the electron. For example, in the diagram that follows, the upward ( ) and downward ( ) arrows indicate electrons in different spin states.
Oxygen needs two more electrons to complete its outer "p" subshell! In ionic compounds, oxygen has gained two electrons to become the oxide ion (2- charge). In molecular compounds, oxygen shares electrons with other atoms so that it has a share in eight electrons in its outer shell!
The orbital occupied by the 1st and 2nd electrons make up shell one, and the 4 orbitals occupied 3rd by the through 10th electrons make up shell two. As we’ll see, when atoms bond together into molecules, the orbitals change shape and in many cases the orbitals of multiple atoms merge.
An orbital in chemistry and physics, is a mathematical expression, called a wave function. It describes properties characteristic of no more than two electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus, or in the case of molecules, of a system of nuclei.
Orbital Diagrams. An orbital diagram, like those shown above, is a visual way to reconstruct the electron configuration by showing each of the separate orbitals and the spins on the electrons. This is done by first determining the subshell (s,p,d, or f) then drawing in each electron according to the stated rules above.
Objectives. To determine the electron configuration of any of the first 38 elements of the periodic table. To determine the identity of an element from its electron configuration. To complete an orbital diagram using arrows to represent electrons.
These pages display simplified diagrams of atoms of the first 28 elements, from hydrogen with 1 proton (and 1 electron), to nickel, with 28 protons (and 28 electrons). Each successive shell has room for a limited number of electrons. The table at left gives the occupancy of the closest 7 shells.
