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Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of one water molecule and a hydrogen of another water molecule. Why does ice float on water? Because of cohesion, the space below the hydrogen bonds in water molecules increase when frozen.
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In continuum mechanics, a power-law fluid, or the Ostwald–de Waele relationship, is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid (time-independent non-Newtonian fluid) for which the shear stress, τ, is given by = where: K is the flow consistency index (SI units Pa·s n),
The laminar flow through a pipe is described by the Hagen-Poiseuille law, stating that the flow rate (F = volume of fluid flowing per unit time) is proportional to the pressure difference Dp between the ends of the pipe and the fourth power of its radius r.
OpenStax. Learning Objectives. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Define laminar flow and turbulent flow. Explain what viscosity is. Calculate flow and resistance with Poiseuille’s law. Explain how pressure drops due to resistance. Laminar Flow and Viscosity.
The flow resistance increases less-than-linearly with deformation. Fluid of this type is called pseudoplastic fluid or power-law fluid. Some polymer solutions and most cement slurries fall into this category. The behavior of power-law fluids can be described by the so-called power-law model expressed as
The first is dynamic viscosity, also known as absolute viscosity, which measures a fluid’s resistance to flow. In precise terms, dynamic viscosity is the tangential force per unit area necessary to move one plane past another at unit velocity at unit distance apart.
