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Azimuth, Angles, & Bearings. Angles: If one bearing is in the NE and the other is in the SE or (NW and SW), add the two together and subtract the sum from 180°. 180°-(N15°50’25”W+S 20°10’15”W)=143°59’20”. Coordinate Geometry.
Survey mathematics generally consists of applications of formulas and equations that have been adapted to work toward the specific needs of the surveyor such as: • Units of measurement and conversions • Check and adjustment of raw field data • Closure and adjustment of survey figures • Calculations for missing elements of a figure
Coordinate transformations are used in surveying and mapping to transform coordinates in one "system" to coordinates in another system, and take many forms. For example. sphere or ellipsoid, to rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinates on a plane.
• Part 2, Formulas, (this document), provides a detailed explanation of formulas necessary for executing coordinate conversions and transformations using the coordinate operation methods supported in the EPSG Dataset.
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYING 1. INTRODUCTION From the hydrographic point of view a Topographic Survey consists of a series of tasks carried out with the aim of determining the composition of those parts of the earth’s surface which emerge from the water.
In plain surveying, Area is a projection of the surface onto a horizontal plane (flat surface). In our line of work the most common units for smaller areas are square feet. For large tracts, the acre is most often used. 1 acre = 43,560 ft.2. 1 acre also equals 10 square chains.
• Basic survey mathematics generally consists of applications of formulas and equations that have been adapted to work toward the specific needs of the surveyor. Overview of basic undergraduate mathematics for land
