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The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines .
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Once bound to the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, a T cell increases the strength of the binding by activating an integrin adhesion protein called lymphocyte-function-associated protein 1 (LFA-1).
26 Απρ 2021 · Once activated, helper T cells start to secrete proteins called cytokines, and these activate virtually all the other cells of the immune system. Cytokines stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of other immune cells such as T cells, macrophages, B cells, and leukocytes.
As their name suggests, T helper (Th) cells provide helper functions to other cells of the immune system—especially the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells—and are important for their activation and maturation.
T cells also express CD4 or CD8 co-receptors, which recognize nonpolymorphic regions of MHC proteins on the target cell: helper cells express CD4, which recognizes class II MHC proteins, while cytotoxic T cells express CD8, which recognizes class I MHC proteins.
T-helper type 1 (T H 1) cells are effector CD4 T cells that differentiate when IL-12 is given as the third signal. T H 1 cells produce primarily IFN-γ cytokine, which is a primary cytokine used to activate macrophages to promote intracellular killing of pathogens.
