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Stephen Toulmin, originally a British logician, is now professor at USC. He became frustrated with the inability of formal logic to explain everyday arguments, which prompted him to develop his own model of practical reasoning. Your book describes the “datum” as any item information that could lead to a claim.
A Toulmin argument consists of the following components: The Claim – the statement or assertion the writer hopes to prove. The claim must be controversial or debatable, or it is not an argument! Obvious facts do NOT work as claims. Example claim: The Electoral College should be abolished.
There are 6 main argumentative strategies via which the relationship between evidence and claim are often established. They have the acronym “GASCAP.” These strategies are used at various different levels of generality within an argument, and rarely come in neat packages - typically they are interconnected and work in combination.
Toulmin's model reminds us that arguments are generally expressed with qualifiers and rebuttals rather than asserted as absolutes. This lets the reader know how to take the reasoning, how far it is meant to be applied, and how general it is meant to be.
This model is most effective when there are no clear answers to your argument. It consists of six parts: three fundamental elements are the claim, grounds, and warrant; then, the optional elements are the backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Toulmin’s Model [Figure 1] Toulmin’s Model displayed with a visual for the connections between each
Examples of the Toulmin Model: • Claim: The Ravens will win the Superbowl this year. o QUESTION: What are you basing that claim on? • Grounds: They have the best defense in the league. o QUESTION: Why does the fact that they have the best defense lead you to believe that the team with the best defense will win?
A Toulmin Model Outline for Analyzing Arguments (modified from Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell, The Aims of Argument, p. 34) Claim: Qualifier? Exceptions: Reason 1 What makes this reason relevant? What makes this reason effective? What evidence supports this reason? Is this evidence sufficient? Is this evidence credible?
