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The best screening and diagnostic test for chronic cadmium exposure is a 24-hour urinary cadmium level, normalized to creatinine excretion. Urinary metallothionein and β 2 -microglobulin excretion can be correlated with long-term cadmium exposure.
Cadmium levels can be measured in the blood, urine, hair, nail and saliva samples. Patients with cadmium toxicity need gastrointestinal tract irrigation, supportive care, and chemical decontamination traditional-based chelation therapy with appropriate new chelating agents and nanoparticle-based antidotes.
The most common analytical procedures for measuring cadmium concentrations in biological samples use the methods of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES). These basic methods of analysis are well defined and generally accepted for the analysis of cadmium.
14 Αυγ 2023 · In chronic exposure, urinary cadmium is the test of choice to determine total body cadmium burden. Anyone at high risk for chronic cadmium exposure should have routine urinary protein testing (beta-2-microglobulin).
1 Δεκ 2011 · Pre-analytical considerations, methods, and limitations of result interpretation applicable to elemental testing in general are presented first, followed by element-specific descriptions of common sources and toxicokinetics for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.
The most useful diagnostic test for cadmium exposure is a 24-hour urinary cadmium excretion standardized for creatinine. β 2-microglobulin levels, in the face of elevated cadmium excretion, will aid in evaluating subclinical renal dysfunction. Urinary protein and glucose tests may also be helpful in evaluating the patient.
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