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Data describing either human or animal effects after exposure to propylene glycol were not as prevalent as those found for ethylene glycol. Human data came from case reports of clinical studies, adverse reactions to medical treatment, or accidental exposure.
Propylene glycol is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid used in foods, medications, cosmetics, and other products. It can cause toxicity when ingested or applied in large amounts, especially in patients with kidney or liver problems, or burns.
Propylene glycol has a low vapor pressure (0.07 mm Hg at 20 °C) and is miscible with water (see Table 3-2). If released to the atmosphere (e.g., as vapors generated at elevated temperatures), propylene glycol should exist almost entirely in the vapor phase (Eisenreich et al. 1981).
Toxic effects include hyperosmolality, increased anion gap metabolic acidosis (due to lactic acidosis), acute kidney injury, and sepsis-like syndrome. Treatment of toxicity includes hemodialysis to effectively remove propylene glycol. Prevention is best achieved by limiting the dose of propylene glycol infused.
The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicology and adverse health effects information for the toxic substance described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicological properties.
The toxicological profiles of monopropylene glycol (MPG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG; including tetra-rich oligomers) are collectively reviewed, and assessed considering regulatory toxicology endpoints.
Propylene glycol toxicity is a potentially life-threatening iatrogenic complication that is common and preventable. It should be considered whenever a patient has an unexplained anion gap, unexplained metabolic acidosis, hyperosmolality, and/or clinical deterioration.
