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Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).
Chemicals can cause many types of toxicity by a variety of mechanisms. Some act locally such as when direct exposure triggers skin or eye irritation, whereas other chemical cause systemic effects in the body in sites remote from where the actual exposure occurred.
The toxic effect (s) of a compound is the direct result of the interaction of the compound with the substances and not as a side effect. Side effects are defined as nondeleterious, for example, dry mouth. Toxic effects are the undesirable results of a direct effect (IUPAC, 1993).
Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Some refer to toxicology as the “Science of Safety” because as a field it has evolved from a science focused on studying poisons and adverse effects of chemical exposures ...
Toxic events that are well-documented are referred to as toxic effects or side effects. They are peripheral or secondary effects beyond the therapeutic effect. Some side effects develop quickly after drug use begins, while others do not appear until the drug has been taken for weeks or more.
A toxic effect is one that occurs as an exaggeration of the desired therapeutic effect, and which is not common at normal doses. For example, a headache due to a calcium antagonist is a toxic effect—it occurs by the same mechanism as the therapeutic effect (vasodilatation). A toxic effect is always dose-related.
